Knowledge Base
Chambers of Heart Surface anatomy of valves of heart
Best positions to auscultate sounds originating from valves
- Aortic: Second intercostal space right of Sternum
- Pulmonic Second and third intercostal space left of Sternum
- Mitral: Near cardiac apex
- Trcuspid: Lower left Sternal border
Utility of diaphragm and bell stethoscope
Physiology of heart sounds
Physiology of heart murmurs
Effect of breathing on hemodynamics "Cardiac drill"
Pathology of defective valves
Hemodynamics secondary to valvular defects
Ref:
- Review Dr. John McNulty's lesson, "Projections and Auscultations of Heart Valves".
- Bates, A Guide to Physical Exam.... 284-310.