Differential Diagnosis

 

Obstructive Lung Diseases

Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Bronchiectaisis
Cystic fibrosis

 

Chest Wall Disease

Kyphoscoliosis
Thoracoplasty

 

Hypoventilation Syndromes

Neuromuscular diseases
Obstructive sleep apnea

 

Interstitial Fibrosis

 

Pulmonary Thromboembolism (deep venous, tumor, foreign body)

 

Cardiac Disease

Congenital L to R shunts with Eisenmenger physiology (especially atrial septal defect in adults)

Mitral stenosis

 

Idiopathic

Primary pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary venoocclusive disease
Sickle hemoglobinopathies
Portal hypertension
Fibrosing mediastinitis

Modified from reference 2 with permission.