These statements and questions are provided as a study aid to help you gauge your level of understanding of the region. A link to the Forum is provided if you are unsure of specific questions and statements and wish to discuss them.

1.  What are the parts of the bony pelvis?    

 Hint Do each of the bones have parts?

2.  What are the easily noticed differences between the male and
female pelvis?    

 Hint Size of openings, angles.

3.  How are the bones of the pelvis held together?    

 Hint Know all the ligaments.

4.  What structures extend from the abdomen into the pelvis?    

 Hint Think of the GI and GU systems, nerves, arteries, etc.

5.  What separates pelvis from perineum?    

 Hint A diaphragm.

6.  What arteries supply the rectum and anal canal?    

 Hint There are three.

7.  What is the venous drainage of the rectum and anal canal?    

 Hint Anastomsis between portal and systemic systems.

8.  How is the peritoneum related to the rectum?    

 Hint Is it retroperitoneal?

9.  What supports the uterus?    

 Hint Some ligaments are from peritoneum, others from endopelvic fascia.

10. What are the boundaries of the rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)?    

 Hint The name tells alot. How is it related to the posterior fornix?

11. Where and what is the hypogastric plexus?    

 Hint Think autonomics.

12. Where and what is the pelvic plexus?    

 Hint Do not confuse with sacral plexus.

13. Name the branches of the internal iliac artery?  What are
the terminal branches of the anterior and posterior divisions?    

 Hint See Moore p. 261-65. 

14. What is inferior to the bladder in the male and female?    

 Hint What does the urethra pass through?

15. Where is the trigone?  What is the urachus?    

 Hint Think of the bladder.

16. What are the relations of the prostate gland?    

 Hint Can you palpate it through the rectum?

17. What opens into the prostatic urethra?    

 Hint From the prostate and seminal vesicles.

18. The lymphatic drainage of the prostate is into superficial
inguinal nodes.    

 Hint Lymphatics tend to follow venous drainage.

19. Does the superficial perineal pouch extend into the penis?
the scrotum?    

 Hint Remember the fascial planes.

20. What structures are innervated by the perineal nerve?    

 Hint What are the branches?

21. What are the boundaries of the perineum?    

 Hint It is diamond shaped.  See # 5.

22. What are where is the perineal body?  What muscles attach here?    

 Hint Also called central tendon of the perineum.

23. What forms the floor and roof of the superficial perineal pouch?    

 Hint Think fascia.

24. What are the contents of the pouch?    

 Hint Muscles, nerves, arteries, etc.

25. What constitutes the urogenital diaphragm?    

 Hint Think of the contents of the deep pouch.

26. Name the parts of the male urethra?    

 Hint There are three.

27. In case of a ruptured bulbar urethra, where does the blood
and escaped urine accumulate?    

 Hint Think of fascia.

28. What occupies the ischio-rectal fossa?    

 Hint Arteries, nerves, fat.

29. What are the anal columns?  What causes hemorrhoids?    

 Hint Think veins.

30. Why is a strong levator ani muscle essential for normal
perineal functions?    

 Hint What supports the anus?

31. Why is pudendal block insufficient anesthesia for perineal surgery?    

 Hint Does the area receive innervation from other sources?

32. Why does adductor paralysis sometimes occur following childbirth?    

 Hint Where is the obturator nerve?

33. Which of the vaginal fornices is the deepest?    

 Hint See Moore p. 274.

34. What is an unusual obturator artery?    

 Hint It can be trapped in inquinal repair.

35. In both sexes, all parts of the urinary bladder are covered
by peritoneum.    

 Hint Is it intraperitoneal?

36. The lymphatic drainage of the penis is into superficial
inguinal nodes.    

 Hint What about the bulb?

37. The two components of the body of the penis are enclosed by
the deep fascia of the penis.    

 Hint What is the origin of Buck's fascia?

38. The ischiocavernosus muscle covers the crura of the penis,
or the crura of the clitoris.    

 Hint Is it important in maintainance of erection?

39. The contents of the spermatic cord includes the vas deferns,
two arteries, a venous plexus, a nerve, and lymphatics.    

 Hint What are the arteries?

40. The lymphtic drainage of the anal canal above the pectinate line
is to lumbar nodes, whereas the area below this line drains into 
the superficial inguinal nodes.    

 Hint How does this relate to the venous drainage?

41. The female genital tract is mostly formed by the Wolffian
duct.  The Mullerian ducts form only functionless vestiges,
(paroopheron, Gartner's duct, epoopheron) which can
give rise to cysts.    

 Hint The 'u' in Mullarian = uterus.

42. The males genital ducts are derived from the Wolffian ducts.
The Mullerian duct forms the prostatic utricle.    

 Hint If 41 is wrong, this must be right.

43. The descent of the testicle may be arrested.  The testicle
can remain stationary anywhere in the inguinal canal
(cryptorchism).    

 Hint Crypto means hidden.

44. Anomalies of the fusion of the Mullerian ducts produce such
malformations as double uterus.    

 Hint See number 41.

45. Hypospadia is caused by the failure of the genital folds to fuse.    

 Hint Hypo means below or ventral.

46. Which perineal pouch is completely closed?    

 Hint It is superior.

47. Which fascia bounds both the U.G. diaphragm and the
superficial perineal pouch?    

 Hint It forms the floor of one and the roof of the other.

48. Name the nerve supply of the muscles of the superficial
perineal pouch.    

 Hint A branch of the pudendal.

49. The fascia on the obturator internus contributes to the fomation 
of the pudendal canal.    

 Hint Is this Alcock's canal?

50. The transpyloric line bisects a line bewteen the xiphoid
process and the symphysis pubis.    

 Hint Wrong direction

51. The entire nerve supply of the scrotum is through branches
of the pudendal nerve.    

 Hint Even anterior?

52. Can you trace the pathway of the spermatozoa beginning at the rete testis?    

 Hint The rete is joined to the epididymis.

53. The testicular artery is the only blood supply of the testis.    

 Hint Where does it originate?

54. The superficial inguinal lymph nodes are the first nodes involved in 
the lymphatic drainage of the male and female genital organs.    

 Hint Is this true of reproductive organs?

55. Name the parts of the uterus.    

 Hint There are three.

56. Define anteversion and anteflexion of the uterus.    

 Hint The normal position of the uterus.

57. All parts of the uterus are covered by peritoneum.    

 Hint Think of the cervix.

58. The pelvic cavity contains, aside from spinal nerves, only
parasympathetic nerves.    

 Hint What about sympathetics?

59. The mesosalpinx is a separate entity, not related to the
broad ligament.    

 Hint Salpinx refers to the uterine tube.

60. The round ligament, when approaching the uterus, is outside
the broad ligament.    

 Hint Is anything outside the peritoneum?

61. The lymphatic drainage of the cervix is to external and
internal iliac nodes and to sacral nodes.    

 Hint Think of the venous drainage.

62. The ovary has a dual blood supply.    

 Hint See number 53.

63. The right ovarian vein drains into the inferior vana cava,
whereas the left one drains into the left renal vein.    

 Hint Is it the same for the testes?

64. The ampulla of the Fallopian tube opens into the peritoneal cavity.    

 Hint How do ectopic pregnancies occur?

65. All walls of the vagina are of equal length.    

 Hint The uterus is normally anteverted.