Decrease metabolic need. Oxygen demand supply ratio: Bed rest, Oxygen, decrease catecholamine activity (Beta-blockers)

To reduce venous return (pre-load): Elevate head end of bed, Nitrates, Diuretics (Furosemide) (Old tricks: Alternating tourniquet, Phlebotomy)

Increase cardiac output: Inotropic agents:   dopamine, dobutamine, amrinone, milrinone, digoxin (chronic chf)  nitropress,

Reduce work load: Reduce after-load: , Peripheral vascular resistance. Arterial dilatation (Nitrates, nitropress) IABP

Underlying cause: Diastolic dysfunction (reduce blood pressure) Replacing stenotic valve.

Eliminate contributing factors: Anemia

Counter deleterious compensatory efforts:  Rennin agiotensin system. Salt and water restriction, ACE inhibitors (Captopril, Enalpril)

Analgesics and Anxiolytic: Morphine (Pulmonary edema) 

Cardiac Transplantation: Last resort to a completely failed Heart refractory to therapy.

Mechanical ventilation: In severe cases of pulmonary edema. To support ventilation. Provide rest to Myocardium. To control pulmonary edema.

Dialysis: Combined Renal and Heart failure